Chapter 19

Chapter 18

New economic needs found solutions abroad this created the need for extensive new materials and agricultural products, this includes: bananas from Central America, rubber from Brazil, meat from Brazil, cocoa and palm oil from West Africa, gold and diamonds from South Africa. By 1840, Britain was exporting 60% of its cotton-cloth production, sending millions of yards to Europe. Between 1910 and Britain was sending about half of its savings overseas as foreign investment. Europeans had defined others largely in religious terms, now they adopted the idea and techniques of more advanced societies. This produced wealth and now used both to produce unsurpassed military power. European eyes to the status of tribes led by chiefs as a means of emphasizing their primitive qualities. Still the apparatus of science to support their racial preferences and prejudices, which measure the size of the skull, white skull larger; therefore more advances and intelligent. Race in this view, determined human intelligence, moral development and destiny.

Between 1750 and 1914 was a second and quite distinct round of conquests: Asia and Africa. Construction of these new empires in the Afro-Asian world, involved military force. There were countless wars of conquest of colonial European states. India and Indonesia, grew out of earlier interactions with European trading firms. British East India Company took advantage and facilitated penetration for them. Dutch acquisition of Indonesia was also as traders and alliances. Slowly without a plan, soon they had conquered the islands.

Colonial rule affected the lives of its subject people in many ways, but the most pronounced change was their ways of working. Colonial state with its power to pay tax, to seize land for European enterprises, to force labor, to build railroads, ports and roads - played an important role in these transformations. African societies got into the world economy with the demand of gold, diamonds, copper, rubber, coffee, cocoa and cotton. Plantation workers, domestic servants, crop farmers, miners underwent profound changes. Unpaid labor on public projects, such as a building railroads, constructing government buildings. All blacks were legally obligated for stature labor of 12 days a year until 1946. One of the cruelties of forced labor, in Congo, governed by King Leopold II of Belgium, forced villagers to collect rubber and starve them to death. If a certain amount was not collected then arms, ears or other body parts would be cut. Commerce in rubber and ivory made possible by the massive use of forced labor in the Congo and Cameroon. This caused the AIDS epidemic jump from the chimpanzees to humans, sexual interaction spread this.

Women were almost everywhere active farmers with responsibility for plating, weeding, and harvesting. Women were expected to feed their own families and were usually allocated their own fields with that purpose. It is estimated that women's working hours increased from 46 hours per week to 70 hours by 1934. Women also had to supply food to men in the cities to compensate for very low urban wages. Married couples in South Africa rarely lived together in 1930, only a couple months out of the year.

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Chapter 17

The global context for this transformation lies in the very substantial increase in human numbers, from 375 million in 1400 to 1 billion in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of wind, water and wood. Raw materials to feed to fuel industrial machinery-coal iron, petroleum altered landscape in many places. Smole from coal fired industries and domestic polluted the air in urban areas which led to respiratory illness. The Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the ecological, atmospheric and geological history. The industrial revolution spread beyond textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing and construction. Secondly, it focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph and the telephone.

Individual landowning aristocrats dominated class in Britain and they dominated British Parliament. Those who benefitted most from the industrialization were the members of the middle class, this middle class contained wealthy factory and mine owners. Reform Bill 1832-broadened the right to vote to many men of middle class. Women in the middle class are the educators or respectability and managers of household consumption. Families often aspire to have middle class status.  Woman aspire to enter more professions by the second half of the 10th century. The manual workers in the mines, factories, construction sites, workshops and farms. By 1850 average life expectancy was 39 years. Domestic servants for upper and middle class families to supplement meager family incomes. When trade unions were legalized in 1824, growing numbers of factory workers joined these associations in their efforts to achieve better wages and working conditions.  Socialist ideas of various kinds gradually spread within working class, challenging the a assumptions of a capitalist society.

Social democracy evolved with Marxism in Germany.  The industrial revolution Prompted a massive migratory process. They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labor overseas, the ready availability of land in some places.  Spanish America ultimately dissolved into 18 separate countries
Mexico lost huge territories in the united states. Bolivia at least had 10 constitutions during the 19th century.  1906 Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz invited the Arizona Rangers to suppress a strike at U.S. Border.

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Intro to Part 5 & Chapter 16 (1st 2 sections)

Western people have enjoyed their worldwide primacy for at most two centuries, but other people had cultural flowering as well. These people included Greeks, Indians, South Asia, Arabs, Chinese, Incas and Aztecs. The rise of Europe occurred within an international context. It was the withdrawal of the Chinese naval fleet that allowed Europeans to enter the Indian Ocean in the 16th and 17th centuries. Native Americans lacked the immunity of European diseases. The industrial revolution also benefited from the New World resources and markets. The rise of Europe to a position of global dominance was not an easy automatic process. Europeans had to modify their policies like the British control in India. People in the world made active use of Europeans ideas for their own purposes. Seeking to gain advantage over local rivals or benefit from them. By the 1730s the Safavid dynasty that ruled Persia for several centuries had completely collapsed, Mughal Empire governing India fragmented, Wahhabi movement in Arabia seriously threatened the Ottoman Empire, religious ideals informed major political upheavals in Central Asia. The Russian Empire and China had rebellions of the peasants. In Africa Islamic revolutions and migrations known as Mfecane, had violent disruptions and creation of new states.

In desperate effort to raise taxes, Louis XVI called into the session the Estates General: The Clergy, the Nobility and the Commoners. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen launched the French Revolution and radicalized many participants of National Assembly. French Assembly ended all feudalism and slavery was abolished in France. King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed. The country became a Republic and passed universal suffrage.

The French Revolution echo was heard the loudest by the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue. With a slave force of 500,000 made up vast majority of the population. A former slave overcame internal resistance and defeated an attempt by Napoleon to reestablish French control. A revolution unique in the Atlantic world, it had become the first type of revolution by a slave.

The final revolutions took place in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. Spanish colonies were offended and insulted by Spanish monarchy's effort to exercise greater power over its colonies with heavier taxes. Spanish colonies had been long governed in an authoritarian fashion, sharply divided by class.

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Foundressess Week

During Foundresses Week there were many activities and things to celebrate like music, games, arts & crafts, raffle prizes, and a taco car. There were many tables set up by student assembly as well as a blood drive. However, I did not attend these events. I did learn about the foundresses through the readings about Julie Billiart and Francoise Blin de Bourdon. In the readings it related the Foundresses back to the French Revolution and how that war affected the lives of the Foundresses. Francoise was from an aristocratic family and by the age of six attended an elite boarding school run by the Benedictine nuns. Her school was close to her estate. Her grandmother exposed her to the poor people and their struggles, which was most of the French population at the time. At the age of 16, she returned back home and prepared for her debut in French society.

Julie Billiard's lifestyle was different, she lived in the village of Cuvilly and was apart of the low class. She was able to afford a basic education because her father owned his own business. She helped the rest of the kids learn what she learned in school. When Julie was 16, her father's shop was robbed so she had to get a job to help support her family. She had become very stressed which contributed to her muscular disorder. She was bedridden and suffered from paralysis but she continued to teach in spite of this.

Eventually both women were taken to Amiens, where Julie and Francoise met for the first time. Over time the women became friends and on February 2, 1804 Julie and Francoise founded the Sisters of Notre Dame.

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Week Four- Chapter 15 (Cultural Transformations)

The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when priest Martin Luther publicly invited debate about various abuses within the Roman Catholic church selling indulgences, corruption to some clergy people. Martin Luther also talked about the new understanding to salvation, only through faith alone, faith as a free gift. To Luther, religious authority in general, was not the teaching of the church, but the Bible alone which was interpreted differently to each person. Luther provoked massive schism, and social tensions as well as religious differences.

The importance of Protestants gave to reading the Bible for oneself simulated education and literacy for women. Reformation thinking spread quickly beyond German country as well as a variety of Protestant churches. The French society was torn by violence between Catholics and Protestants known as Huhuenots which allowed religious tolerance. In the Thirty Years War which was a Catholic - Protestant struggle where 15-30% of the German population died. 

Religion drove justified European ventures abroad and brought faith to many conquered homelands. In New England the Protestant version of Christianity in North America had an emphasis on education, moral actions and civic responsibility. Christianity represented major cultural tradition in Latin America. Europeans saw their political and military success as a demonstration of power of the Christian God. By 1700 millions accepted baptism, specially for women by conversion was because of the prominence of virgin Mary.

Peoples of Spanish America had been defeated, their societies largely disrupted and cultural confidence had been shaken. China encountered Christianity between 16th century and 18th century during the Ming Dynasty. There was no cultural integrity threatened. China was strong and independent so Europeans needed permission of Chinese authority to operate. Jesuists were respectful of Chinese culture, pointing out the parallels between Confucianism and Christianity. Christian monogamy required Chinese men to put away their concubines.

The expansion of the Islamic frontier, a process of 1,000 years. Conversion to Islam meant assimilating Islamic rituals, cosmologies and literatures. Islamization was not a product of conquering armies and expanding empires. Some Islamic slaves practiced their faith in North America and Brazil. Well known Islamic renewal movement happened from 1703-1792, Al Wahhab was upset about common religious practices in central Arabia.

The scientific revolution was revolutionary because it fundamentally challenged this understanding of the universe. This happened in Europe first because they had an evolved legal system that guaranteed a measure of independence like universities. People started to believe in the term Enlightenment, if human reason could discover how to govern effectively. Enlightenment thinking was directed against superstition, ignorance and corruption of established religion.

Week Three - Chapter 14 (first half)

European and Asian Commerce

• Spanish and Portuguese both made efforts to get involved in Indian Ocean commerce
• Motivation from Asian spices and competing states

A Portuguese Empire of Commerce

• Portuguese did not have sufficient goods for trade so they took to piracy
• Forcibly obtained bases at key locations on trade routes
• Created trading post empire to control trade not territories of populations
• Gradually assimilated to Asian trade
• Many Portuguese settled in Asian and African trade posts

Spain and the Philippines

• First to challenge the Portuguese monopoly on Asian spice trade
• Established trading post in Philippines
• Philippines had no sole authority, separated into chiefdoms
• Spanish gained full colonial rule
• Launched large missionary efforts

The East India Companies

• Early 17th century, the Dutch and the English muscle out the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean using military and economic strengths
•  The British and Dutch governments gave their trading companies power to make war and govern conquered peoples
• Dutch focused on Indonesia while the English focused on India
• British were less financed and less sophisticated
• 3 major establishments on land

Asians and Asian Commerce

• European trade is less significant and European political control is much less significant
• To the large powers of Asia-Mughal India, China and Japan-Europeans showered no threat and were minor parts of the overall economy
• In India large families dominate the buying and selling of European products
• South East Asian ports were dominated by the spice trade

Week Six Chapter 16 (Echos-End)

Echoes of Revolution

Britain lost the colonies in North America which stared their interest in Asia. Napoleon's quick conquest in Egypt allowed them to start a regime. Also ideas of republicanism, greater social equality and national liberation from foreign rule started to begin. To simply put the echoes of the Atlantic Revolutions were the end of slavery, nationalists, and feminists.

Abolition Of Slavery

In the 18th century enlightenment thinkers in Europe started to criticize slavery as a violation of natural rights. These ideas grew stronger due to the Quakers and the Protestants in Britain and the United States. Abolitionist movements in Britain brought pressure on the governments to stop slave trading. Britain stopped slave trade in 1807 and began to troll the Atlantic ocean to stop illegal ships carrying slaves in West Africa. Brazil was the last country to stop slave trade and in the 19th century slave trade officially ended.

Nations and Nationalism

By the end of the 20th century the idea that different people and cultures were separated into nations was a common idea. It separated different kinds of people and unified the people that were apart of the same nation, people were bound by blood, culture or common land. Nationalism was a powerful idea that unified Germany and Italy. It also inspired the Irish to seek separation from Great Britain.

 Feminist Beginnings

The third echo of the Atlantic Revolutions is what sparked the feminist movement and what started women questioning their subordination to men. With a growing middle class of industrializing societies women were getting more educational opportunities as well as some freedoms. In 1870 most feminist movements in the West were focused mostly on Suffrage. By 1914, about 100,000 women took part in French Feminist organizations. Also women in the upper middle class had started to be accepted into universities and in the United States laws were made to increase women's rights like in divorce. Even with these improvements many scholars were divided about women's issues.

Week Two - Chapter 13

Once slave trade erupted and became a normal part of society and how work got done, hundreds of thousands of slaves got on a continuous rotation. That rotation was to be captured, imported, worked to death, and then replaced. Almost all slaves were taken to Brazil to work on sugar plantations. These slaves were worked to death; the conditions were horrendous and the labor was extremely intensive. The work was so hard that the slaves had to be replaced every 7 years or so because they had all died from being overworked. Sugar became a promenade staple for all of the world and everyone wanted it to be apart of their daily diet. In Brazil and South America specifically, the slaves could procreate with non slaves and their children could be free people or at the very least have a higher status than a slave. This is exclusive to South America and Brazil because in North America a slave could never have any other social status other than a slave. Even their children and their children's children would be considered slaves because of their skin color. There was no grey area in North America, a person was a slave or was not a slave.

Russia wanted to build an empire. They invaded Siberia and had over 700,000 Russians living in Siberia to make their mark on the land. The native Siberians were reduced to only 30% by 1720. Russians turned all of the natives land into agricultural land for tobacco, grain, sugar, tea and other goods. Over time the people that were there before the Russians came started to assimilate with the Russians and start to adopt their religions and ways of life. The traditions of the native Siberians were forgotten and replaced with the ways that the Russians did things. Russia kept expanding to the east and west, with many conflicts in the west.

In the Ottoman empire when the Turks adopted Islam all of the power that women had at that time was taken away. Women used to be open about men and they had political influence, but once Islam became the norm all of those rights they once had were stripped away from them. The began to not count them when voting. Many of the wealthy women used the Ottoman law to protect their property.

Week One, Intro to Part 4

In Europe maps of our world became more advances so the people of Europe were able to discover new land like present day North and South America. Europeans had distinct advantages over the rest of the world even when they were far from home. The Spaniards were able to defeat the Aztec Empire due to their advantages with weapons and military. The greatest advantage that Europeans had over the rest of the world was their resistance to the germs that they had but the rest of the people had never been exposed to before. Native Americans died in mass amounts due to these Old World diseases like small pox, almost all Native Americans died within 50 years since the arrival of the Europeans.

Once the Americas were colonized the immigrants began to enslave Africans from Africa and brought them to America to work on the agriculture. The crops that the colonizers were able to grow were more diverse then they have ever seen. Colonizers also brought over animals that the Americas like pigs, cows, and horses that changed the whole natural makeup of the land forever. The agriculture growth also included tobacco which was a major source of income for many land owners. Corn became the mane source of food for many because it is very cheap. The exports of crops and the slave trade because of the Americas shaped the world into a world were new products became a norm.

The land that once belonged to the Aztecs and the Incas were now a prime place for mining as well as agriculture. The Spaniards only used forced labor when coal mining or when producing crops. A social ladder formed and people wanted to keep the blood pure within the Spanish.
In South America many colonies discovered sugar and began to make a large profit off of it. The sugar was used at medicine, sweetener, and as a preservative across the world. Sugar production transformed Brazil and the Caribbean. It became the first modern industry, it also wiped out all other forms of slave trade except for African slave trade. These slaves worked in horrible conditions which caused 5-10 percent death rate per year among the slaves. Women slaves received the same amount of food as well as the same type of brutal beatings as the male slaves did. However many women slaved worked for other while women doing domestic chores for them. Slave women were not allowed to have a stable family and if they did have children they were taken away from them.

The Russian Empire expanded to the east and required large territories. In Russia only the sons of noblemen received an education.

Nailed it :)