Chapter 17

The global context for this transformation lies in the very substantial increase in human numbers, from 375 million in 1400 to 1 billion in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of wind, water and wood. Raw materials to feed to fuel industrial machinery-coal iron, petroleum altered landscape in many places. Smole from coal fired industries and domestic polluted the air in urban areas which led to respiratory illness. The Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the ecological, atmospheric and geological history. The industrial revolution spread beyond textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing and construction. Secondly, it focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph and the telephone.

Individual landowning aristocrats dominated class in Britain and they dominated British Parliament. Those who benefitted most from the industrialization were the members of the middle class, this middle class contained wealthy factory and mine owners. Reform Bill 1832-broadened the right to vote to many men of middle class. Women in the middle class are the educators or respectability and managers of household consumption. Families often aspire to have middle class status.  Woman aspire to enter more professions by the second half of the 10th century. The manual workers in the mines, factories, construction sites, workshops and farms. By 1850 average life expectancy was 39 years. Domestic servants for upper and middle class families to supplement meager family incomes. When trade unions were legalized in 1824, growing numbers of factory workers joined these associations in their efforts to achieve better wages and working conditions.  Socialist ideas of various kinds gradually spread within working class, challenging the a assumptions of a capitalist society.

Social democracy evolved with Marxism in Germany.  The industrial revolution Prompted a massive migratory process. They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labor overseas, the ready availability of land in some places.  Spanish America ultimately dissolved into 18 separate countries
Mexico lost huge territories in the united states. Bolivia at least had 10 constitutions during the 19th century.  1906 Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz invited the Arizona Rangers to suppress a strike at U.S. Border.

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